Understanding What Causes Aggressive Behaviour

Several factors can influence an individual's behaviour and contribute to aggressive actions. These factors may include environmental stimuli, past experiences, emotional triggers and interpersonal dynamics. By gaining a deeper understanding of these underlying causes, we can approach challenging situations with greater empathy and effectiveness. 

In CPI training, we identify the potential triggers or circumstances for aggressive behaviour as Precipitating Factors. Acknowledging these factors enables caregivers and professionals to anticipate and reduce aggression, allowing them to intervene in a constructive manner and promoting a safer and more supportive environment for everyone.

Defining Precipitating Factors 

Precipitating Factors are the internal or external causes of behaviour over which staff have little or no control. These factors can manifest as aggressive behaviour when the person’s capacity to cope is overwhelmed. 

Examples of Precipitating Factors include (but are not limited to): 

• Fear, anxiety and stress 
• Unmet physical needs (e.g., hunger, shelter) or emotional needs (e.g., recognition, love) 
• Traumatic experiences 
• Pain 
• Impaired cognitive ability (e.g., intellectual disabilities, mental illness or dementia) 
• Impaired communication skills 
• Frustration 
• Lack or loss of choice or personal power 
• Lack of dignity or not feeling respected 
• Coping mechanisms (e.g., displaced anger, projection, learned helplessness) 
• Attitudes and behvaiours of family members, peers, staff, etc. 
• Physical environment (e.g., space, cleanliness, noise, temperature) 

Causes of aggressive behaviour don’t occur in isolation; they accumulate like layers of an iceberg. The visible behvaiour—the outburst or aggression—is the tip of the iceberg, while the primary causes remain hidden beneath the surface. 

Consider these scenarios: 

• A student’s day begins with a fight at home, then a failed test, followed by a peer’s hurtful comment. 
• A patient in the hospital feels cold, isolated and unable to communicate about their deteriorating eyesight. 
• A caregiver juggling personal stress lashes out after being overwhelmed by a challenging client. 

In each situation, aggressive behaviour reflects a complex interaction of unmet needs, stressors and emotional pain. Recognizing this helps you respond with empathy and strategy rather than reacting to the surface behaviour alone.

Viewing Behaviour as Communication 

behaviour, even when it’s aggressive, is a form of communication. Whether verbal (e.g., yelling, name-calling), physical (e.g., hitting, biting) or non-verbal (e.g., hostile gestures), the behaviour typically stems from underlying fear, frustration, pain or an inability to express unmet needs. 

Understanding this principle enables you to shift your focus from the behaviour itself to the message behind it. 

For example: 

• A non-verbal individual might act out due to physical discomfort they cannot articulate. 
• A frustrated resident may throw objects to express their loss of control over their environment. 

When you approach behaviour as communication, you gain valuable insights that can guide your intervention. 

The Role of Trauma in Aggressive behaviour 

Aggressive behaviours are often coping mechanisms, particularly for individuals who have experienced trauma. Without a trauma-informed response, interventions can inadvertently escalate aggression, causing the person to feel even more anxious, disconnected or defensive.  

Trauma-informed care involves recognizing the impact of trauma and adapting your approach to avoid re-traumatization. 

Strategies to Reduce Aggression 

Rational Detachment is another critical tool in managing aggression. This skill empowers you to: 

• Maintain control of your own emotions. 
• Avoid taking negative comments or actions personally. 
• Respond with professionalism and empathy rather than defensiveness. 

Without Rational Detachment, you risk escalating the situation by reacting emotionally. With it, you can defuse aggression and create a space for calm and constructive communication. 

Meeting Basic Needs 

Every person, regardless of their behaviour, wants to feel understood, respected and supported. Aggressive behaviour often indicates unmet needs. By addressing these needs, you can: 

• Prevent escalation 
• Encourage the individual to express themselves in healthier ways 
• Build trust and rapport 

When you understand the underlying causes of aggressive behaviour, you can guide individuals toward positive alternatives. Empowering someone to replace problem behaviour with constructive expression not only de-escalates the immediate situation but also fosters long-term emotional growth. 

By equipping yourself with knowledge and strategies from CPI training, you can turn challenging moments into opportunities for connection, understanding and positive change.